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U8U8D`T8D`T 2  C BUCENG HZIEQ[? U9U9E`T9E`T dn"   G/*d6?@33@@@sf 4  Zgֳgֳ ?<$D  p IThe House of Commas  H  0޽h? ??0 ___f3f Fireball  ZX d \   (   b8  0    0 2   C BUCENG HZI8Qf3? جU,جU,8`T,8`T 0 2   C BUCENG HZIDQD? U8U8D`T8D`T 9Y 2   C BUCENG HZIEQ[? U9U9E`T9E`T "    G/*d6?@33@@@sf   Z^gֳgֳ ?`   V Click to edit Master title style! !   TT_gֳgֳ ?0 `     Y#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $    `_gֳgֳ ?`   [*     ``gֳgֳ ?    ]*     `t`gֳgֳ ?    ]*  H  0޽h? ??0    ___f3f 00(  V H  0޽h ? ̙33    %(  r  S P`   r  T1?@ ,$D dThis set of slides will illustrate the most common uses of one of the most common punctuation marks:(e " 2d  e <   6Wd?|f 0'<P]THE COMMAPalatinor 0pU ,$D   T1?&,$D  Use the information icon and hyperlinks (this color) to link to sources of further information in the Guide to Grammar and Writing.T " 2( 2    T1?l$D H  0޽h ? ___f3f   . & @  ( } m  T$1?@ ,$D _Use a comma to set off the elements of a series (three or more things), including the last two.(` " 2_  ` a  T1?  ,$  [My favorite uses of the Internet are sending e-mail, surfing the Web, and using chat rooms. \ " 2\ \ p   BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` @ ,$D v   BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` 0x ,$D F  T1? p@,$D  6You may have learned that this comma is not necessary.*7 " 26 7 j    B CDE@F fo?  Wo P ```x8W(l @      p ,$D    T1?p,$D  NSometimes, however, the last two items in your series will glom into one if you don t use the so-called serial comma. 4w " 2h  w     gֳgֳ ?`   H  0޽h ? ___f3f     P E (     Td1?@ ,$D qUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) to separate two independent clauses.(r " 2q ]   ]p  T$1?0  ,$  The public seems eager for some kind of gun control legislation, but the congress is obviously too timid to enact any truly effective measures. " 2  v   BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` (H ,$D   T1?` 0f,$D  yIf the two independent clauses are brief and nicely balanced, this comma may be omitted, but the comma is always correct.*z " 2y z @  T$1? ,$  0Our team is very good but their team is better. *1 " 2/ 1     ĝgֳgֳ ?`   j    B0CDE@F o? W  ` 0X  P P` ppppP`(8 @      Pp,$D     T1? l$D  H  0޽h ? ___f3fb '   `  ( }  U  Td1?@P,$D -Use a comma to set off introductory elements.B. " 2    . b  T1? `& ,$  \Anxious about the upcoming winter, settlers began to bicker among themselves about supplies. ] " 2] ] v   BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `  x,$D ~  T$1? @` ,$D  nIf the introductory element is brief and the sentence can be read easily without the comma, it can be omitted.*o " 2n o F  T1?p,$  6In 1649 the settlers abandoned their initial outpost. *7 " 25 7    dgֳgֳ ?`   U  TĔ1?` f ,$  OIn the winter of 1644, nearly half the settlers died of starvation or exposure. P " 2P P v   BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `0 X ,$D   T1? l$D  z   BC8DELF$m?xX(  (8 0X8P`h4Hh@      P ,$D  H  0޽h ? ___f3fs 4d  p $( } $ $ TD1?@P,$D .Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.B/ " 2      -\ $ TĚ1? `& ,$  VCoaches grew weary of running practices in the drafty, dreary, dilapidated gymnasium. W " 2W W v $  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `H,$D  $ T$1? @` ,$D  ]If you could put a but or an and between the adjectives, you should put a comma between them.f^ " 2= ^  $ T1?c,$   expensive and modern = expensive, modern . . . . But not  a little and old house.  A little old house would be correct.{ " 2   ,& {  $  dgֳgֳ ?`   F $ T1?` f ,$  @The designs for an expensive, modern gym should make them happy. A " 2A A v  $  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `XH,$Dv  $  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `0 P ,$D* $  BCDEF,8c?xx@ `0 P,$D  * $  B CDEF,o?x @ `0PP,$D  H $ 0޽h ? ___f3f  B  (@( } ( ( T1?@P,$D RUse a comma to set off elements that express a contrast or a turn in the sentence.\S " 2/      S > ( T1?`0 ,$  8The house was cute, but too expensive for the newlyweds. 9 " 29 9 v (  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` @ ,$D  (  gֳgֳ ?`   v  (  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `h ,$D>  ( T1? 0 ,$  8They were looking for something practical, not luxurious 9 " 29 9 H ( 0޽h ? ___f3f% d0 ,M( } ,y , TD1?@P,$D QUse a comma to set off states and countries, years (in a full date), titles, etc.BR " 29    R p , T1?` ,$  jThe conference was originally set for Geneva, Switzerland, but was then rescheduled for Chicago, Illinois. k " 2k k  ,  gֳgֳ ?`   v ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `H8 ,$D v ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` X ,$D d  , T1?  ,$  ^Their wedding date was set for August 5, 2000, in the college chapel in Newton, Massachusetts. _ " 2_ _ v  ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `P  ,$D v  ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `p  ,$D  v  ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `P  ,$D   , TD1? ,$   Tashonda Klondike, Chair of the Ways and Means Committee, submitted the committee s final report. b " 2b  Y v ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` PH,$D  v ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` (,$D  v ,  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `88 ,$D H , 0޽h ? ___f3f n ;3 0( } 0y 0 Td1?@P,$D 'Use a comma to set off quoted language.(( " 2'     & 0 T1?` ,$  2Frost s poem  Fire and Ice begins with the lines,  Some say the world will end in fire, / Some say in ice. ,m " 249 m  0  ėgֳgֳ ?`   v 0  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `Ph ,$D v 0  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `P 0 x ,$D v 0 TM1?  ,$  Z Fire when ready, Gridley, the Admiral said. . " 2.    v 0  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` hX ,$D  v  0  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` P X ,$D   0 TL1?  ,$   We can t see into the future, said the President,  but we have to prepare for it nonetheless.  a " 2a a  0 T1?`P`l$D  H 0 0޽h ? ___f3f 4  4&( } 4  4 TdM1?@P,$D RUse a comma to set off parenthetical elements. This is the most difficult rule in comma usage. A parenthetical element is  added information, something that can be removed from a sentence without changing the essential meaning of that sentence. Deciding what is  added information and what is essential is sometimes difficult. See the next slide.(] " 2\   0 - 4  Mgֳgֳ ?`     4 T1?p l$D H 4 0޽h ? ___f3f  8E( Td Ќ  8% 8 TJ1? `M,$D mParenthetical elements:( " 2    8 TN1?@PF ,$  Robert Frost, perhaps America s most beloved poet, died when he was 88.,H " 2G H  8  Xgֳgֳ ?`   v 8  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `p( ,$D v 8  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `@ ,$D L 8 TY1?  ,$  FFrankly, it doesn t seem to matter. $ " 2$ $ v 8  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `p (,$D  v  8  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      ` 0x ,$D    8 TZ1?,$  mWhen an appositive phrase can be removed from a sentence without changing its meaning or making it ambiguous:n " 2n  U   8 TtZ1?P p ,$      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678;<=>?@A  9An absolute phrase is treated as a parenthetical element:: " 2:  (  8 TZ1? @,$   &An addressed person s (or people s) name is always parenthetical:2B " 2% %  (b 8 T4[1?,$   \I am warning you, good citizens of Hartford, this vote is crucial to the future of our city. ] " 2] ] v 8  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `,$D   8 T1?P`l$D H 8 0޽h ? ___f3fZ  $   < ( ` <- < T[1? `M,$D uOne more parenthetical element:( " 2   o < TT\1?@PF ,$  ]Excuse me, but there are, of course, many points of view that we must consider before voting.,^ " 2] ^  <  \gֳgֳ ?`   v <  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `@P ,$D v <  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `@ ,$D 8  < T]1?`,$  6An interjection is treated as a parenthetical element:7 " 27 7 v <  BHCXDELF&|?0h(0HxXXX(P8(H h8@      `p h ,$D H < 0޽h ? ___f3fD   @l( } @P @ Tt]1? ` ,$D One last rule: Don t over-use commas! When a comma is needed, use it; otherwise, do without. Reviewing the rules of comma usage will help you understand the way sentences are built  and that, ultimately, will help you become a better writer.B " 2   g  t g @  ]gֳgֳ ?`     @ T1?`0l$D H @ 0޽h ? ___f3fu %D( BZsck D D 0f @  { D 0gp  This PowerPoint presentation was created by Charles Darling, PhD Professor of English and Webmaster Capital Community College Hartford, Connecticut copyright November 1999 * 2 >  m R D S A cctc2.gif 00001ED1CD's HD ABA78158:@P  4LH D 0޽h ? ̙33rHzc OXbdgkx*/\ 2?]rvers2STR#>DLOGJDITLbPICTzCODE20IRk/d9 u?D EK Tick count for splash screen.CP Disabled.pictCP Version.pictMainKCPlib%A5Init1.gifq&a2.gif Oh+'0hQ hp  < H T`h'No Slide TitleoCharles DarlingNCD's HD:Applications:Microsoft Office:Templates:Presentation Designs:FireballaCharles Darling35rMicrosoft PowerPointMic@Ao$@k@#GOPICTO ې@@2  2HH ˜2$߁# D(  #fffffffffffffoffffffffffffffDffffffffff   ffffff fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff<      f ffffffff fffffffffff fffffffffffffffffffffff@ "**  dffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff  "**2"<<  "ffffff fffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"ffffffffffffffff~"**2>@>>:662..*&&"  !%)-159=BBGLLQVV[``eiinssx}}-e) &..5<>@>>:662..*&&"  !%)-159=BBGLLQVV[``eiinssx}}-e ) &..5<>@>>:662..*&&" ]-=LZlye %-5w @ !_"?$ @̘̞~ ̜    @  ̛!̝ 1́$́! ށ~@ @@$JRM@ 8 RCH))00-}RRaa[ɼ|QRR>")00)#0QQ}DRaaRF`$RQ:>""00&)"0QRR"QQt}DDaaLRD`ƣDQ"RQ5::"00&"00QRRDkttDaaLD``ƣRQ"R##55&0&"0DFFkkLaLD`?~RQ###:15&&#"&0#2GFFtckLLGDM`GeRQ"##-1:&&#"&00"22QRRDGF[ctLLGDM``DeeQ"RQ"""--&&#"0"2RDDDD[[LLGD`De Q""""--&&#"0""224DDDD[[LLGD`DDeeh RQ"$"""$R(-& ##"&00""'2244DHDDDIQ[L GGDM``DDOeehh "R##"""""($((# ##"&00""2440EGGDDDDDPIQQG GGDM``DDehhAP$@@""#"""""I((# &#"0""22"4EEGDDDDDPQG MGD`DDeeDh """""""""RI## &&"00""'22"44EEEEDDDDDGG MMD``DDOeeDhh5}"""""RR""R##&&"&00""22""4(EDEDDDDGGMMDM``DDeeDDhP""""R""####&&"&00""22""4(DDDDDDGGGGMMDM``DDeeDDhP+""""R"""#####&&"00""'22""44DDDDDDEGGGGGMMD``DDOeeDDhh3""""""""'##&" &00"" 22""4(DDDDDDDENGGME M``DD eeDDhP6""""""""''5" &00""22""4(DDDDDDDNOkE M``EEeeDDhP$"""""#"'''55"0"" '2""4R(D@DDDDEFDNNOkkE`EE OeEDhP! """""##(R''55""" 22""4RREDEDEFFQNOkkEEE eeEEh"""""##((D'5"&""2""44EEEEEFFQQOkEMEEeEEhh"""""&#*(D55&'&"'""4( EEEEEMFUQkkLNMEOEEhQ ""("'&&N*QDD5&&'&'("744((EEPEOMMUkLLNMNPEohhQQ>)"H(FR&SRNNQD-OOMM5"RR&RR''"RDRE G(J771(SEPMZkDLNND PoocQU?"RR)R"RRHR"RFR"RRSRRQOM"RRR&'"RRR"RRR'"RRGR"RJ7R"SS1RDSDDDDLNDDNDDoDc"RR""&"""SDDDLDDD4  H ~ ?_o P `$s  k g0 33@d\33G\\\33O \\\\@@33\\\\33@(\\\\33?\33 O33/\]*}8 _Ib]v;1w% B-P EԿ$9zi߆BovHF}6ϷcT% Uh2gPْP DocumentSummaryInformation8:Current User/ ՜.+,D՜.+,X     'On-screen Show. bmb, ohsuShv> : Times New RomanArialTimesComic Sans MS FireballThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasThe English House of CommasNo Slide Title  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles  (RZ _PID_GUID _PID_HLINKS'AN{06E14C80-821C-11D3-93C4-0050E496070B}AXH=http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/clauses.htmxBhttp://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/commas_intro.htmxChttp://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/indep_clauses.htmx@http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/adjectives.htmx<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/commas.htm6;http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/marks.htmquotation_marks<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/commas.htm46=http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/phrases.htm appositive=http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/phrases.htm absolute=http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/phrases.htm vocative<http://cctc.commnet.edu/HP/pages/darling/grammar/commas.htmxhttp://cctc.commnet.edu/x%*[NS!ԥW|όL^Jە Ɍ,Dbֿn'F YOpũ-dCLHt;]Azko#͛ŒJPߞ]x ZNQ$9DǮ-$ƣFBDR+fC%2lc]bJ͜=Ʀ *)t&2]F!Z0wX GwGp<]*}8 _Ib]v;1w% B-P EԿ$9zi߆BovHF}6ϷcT% Uh2gPْP &K7z&5)z뛹00*\+]Պ+9|5=HVͤC4bOXluMWeWi(~0MoVWPp;Y/.\ɽ _ K'ʯK>O<+P 2 0m6C=LBڇ%*[NS!ԥW|όL^Jە Ɍ,Dbֿn'F YOpũ-dCLHt;]Azko#͛ŒJPߞ]x ZNQ$9DǮ-$ƣFBDR+fC%2lc]bJ͜=Ʀ *)t&2]F!Z0wX GwGp<]*}8 _Ib]v;1w% B-P EԿ$9zi߆BovHF}6ϷcT% Uh2gPْP '_Charles DarlingC4bOXluMWeWi(~0MoVWPp;Y/.\ɽ _ K'ʯK>O<+P 2 0m6C=LBڇ%*[NS!ԥW|όL^Jە Ɍ,Dbֿn'F YOpũ-dCLHt;]Azko#͛ŒJPߞ]x ZNQ$9DǮ-$ƣFBDR+fC%2lc]bJ͜=Ʀ *)t&2]F!Z0wX GwGp<]*}8 _Ib]v;1w% B-P EԿ$9zi߆BovHF}6ϷcT% Uh2gPْP